class: center, middle # Biomedical Instrumentations Eslam Adel email: `eslam.a.mahmoud@eng1.cu.edu.eg` --- class: top ## Medical Imaging * Visualize anatomy of an internal organs. * Visualize function of it. * Replaces the surgical intervention * Used for diagnostic purposes. --- ### XRay * Electromagnetic radiation * Projected on the object * Bones appears white and soft tissues in black. --- ![](../../images/w6/xray.jpg) --- ### Computed Tomography (CT) * CT is an enhanced version of XRay machine. * Generates a series of images * Construct a 3D model of the organ. ![](../../images/w6/ctImages.jpg) --- ![](../../images/w6/ct1.jpg) --- ### Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) * Perfect in imaging soft tissue * Excite protons, record signal received, decode it to construct the image. ![](../../images/w6/MRI1.jpg) --- ![](../../images/w6/MRIImage.jpeg) ![](../../images/w6/MRIImage2.jpeg) --- ### Ultrasound * Sound wave sent through the body, received again after reflection * The received signal is decoded and image is reconstructed. * Ultrasound is used for imaging fetus, heart and liver. * Imaging bone structure is not applicable using ultrasound. --- ![](../../images/w6/US1.jpg) ![](../../images/w6/US2.jpeg) --- ![](../../images/w6/USImage.jpeg) ![](../../images/w6/USHeart.gif) --- ### Nuclear Medicine * Radioactive substances in diagnosis and treatment of diseases. * It is used to measure the functionality of the organs * Imaging how body react with this radioactive substances (Radio-tracers). --- ![](../../images/w6/PET-MIPS-anim.gif) Large tumor in the liver. --- No Info about the anatomy here so in modern systems PET is combined with CT, where CT for anatomy and PET for physiology of the organ. ![](../../images/w6/PET-CT.jpg) --- ## Measurement Devices * Measurement of vital signs like heart rate, temperature, pressure, Oxygen level in blood, ... etc. ### Patient Monitor ![](../../images/w6/monitor1.jpg) There also separate device for measuring ECG only, Blood pressure only and so on. --- ## Life Support Devices * Ventilator Help people who are not able to breathe or breathe insufficiently. ![](../../images/w6/vent.jpg) --- There are different modes of ventilation for example 1. Assist mode : Person initiate the breathe 2. Mandatory ventilation : No initiation 3. CPAP : For increasing Oxygen in alveoli. And more. --- ### Incubator * Neonatal intensive care unit. * Insure ideal environment, controlling temperature, humidity, ... etc. ![](../../images/w6/incubator.gif) --- ## DC Shock / Defibrillator To prevent heart arythmia. ![](../../images/w6/dc1.jpg) --- --- ## Treatment Devices * Hemodialysis ![](../../images/w6/dialysis11.png) --- ![](../../images/w6/dialysis21.jpg) --- ### Radiotherapy Linear accelerator (linac) Cancer treatment. Killing cancer cells using radiation. ![](../../images/w6/linac2.jpeg) --- ![](../../images/w6/linac.jpg)